Some definitions of basic Grammatical terms:

Noun: A noun (Latin nomen, name) is usually defined as a word denoting a person, place, or thing. In Gurmukhi Script nouns have been inflected to indicate gender (masculine, feminine) number, and case.

ਘਰੁ means House, ਘਰ means Houses
ਗੁਣੁ means Quality, ਗੁਣ means Qualities
ਨਾਉ means Name, ਨਾਵ means Names
ਭਗਤੁ means Saint, ਭਗਤ means Saints, ਭਗਤਿ means devotion

Some Feminine Nouns: ਮਤਿ (mind), ਕਿਰਪਾ (mercy), ਬਾਣੀ (word).

Pronoun: A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in the same way nouns are.Personal pronouns, in English, are I, you, he/she/it, we, you (plural), and they.

ਮੈ, ਹਉ (I),  ਤੁਮ, ਤੂ, ਤੂੰ (you),  ਇਹ, ਇਹੁ,  (this),  ਇਹਿ (these), ਇਹੋ, ਇਹਾ (just this), ਸੇ, ਸਿ, ਤੇ (they).

Verb: Words that express some form of action are called verbs.

ਜਪਿ (recite), ਸੁਣਿ (listen), ਮੰਨਿ (accept), ਨ੍ਹਾਇ (bathe), ਪਛਾਣਿ (recognise),
ਗਾਵੈ (he sings), ਗਾਵਹਿਂ (they sing), ਦੇਖੈ (he watches), ਦੇਖਹਿਂ (they watch).

Adjective: An adjective is a word that modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun, in one of three forms of comparative degree: positive (good, strong), comparative (better, stronger), or superlative (best,strongest).

In Gurmukhi language, the form of an adjective changes to correspond with the number and gender of the noun or pronoun it modifies. 

ਅਮੁਲੁ / ਅਮੁਲ (priceless : singular and plural forms),
ਦਇਆਲੁ / ਦਇਆਲ (merciful : singular and plural forms).

Prepositions: Words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase are termed prepositions.

ਕਾ, ਕੇ, ਕੈ, ਕੀ, ਕੀਆ, ਕੋ, ਕਉ, ਕੀ, ਤਾ, ਤੇ, ਮਹਿ, ਮਧਿ, ਮਿਲਿ, ਨਾਲੇ, ਸੰਗਿ, ਸੇਤੀ, ਭਿ,ਭੀ ਸੇ, ਸ